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1.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1535970

RESUMO

Contexto: la deficiencia de hierro es un trastorno frecuentemente observado en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), sobre todo en estadios avanzados. Su presencia se asocia a una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. La deficiencia de hierro puede ser absoluta o funcional. La deficiencia absoluta se refiere a una ausencia o una reducción de las reservas de hierro, mientras que la deficiencia funcional se define por la presencia de depósitos de hierro adecuados pero con una disponibilidad insuficiente de hierro para su incorporación en los precursores eritroides. Varios factores de riesgo contribuyen a la deficiencia absoluta y funcional de hierro en ERC, incluyendo pérdidas hemáticas, absorción alterada de hierro e inflamación crónica. Objetivo: con esta revisión narrativa se pretende presentar las definiciones, los aspectos fisiopatológicos, los criterios diagnósticos y las medidas terapéuticas en el paciente con diagnóstico de ERC con deficiencia de hierro. Metodología: se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura en la base de datos PubMed, incluyendo además las guías internacionales más utilizadas que abordan el tema de deficiencia de hierro en ERC. Resultados: se incluyeron un total de 30 referencias bibliográficas. La deficiencia de hierro puede ser absoluta o relativa y el déficit absoluto de hierro se produce con valores de ferritina 100 mcg/l, pero con una TSAT < 20 %. El tratamiento del déficit absoluto consta de reposición de hierro oral o endovenoso y en pacientes que aún no reciben diálisis, se puede hacer una prueba terapéutica con hierro oral, de no haber respuesta se optará por hierro endovenoso, mientras que en pacientes que sí reciben diálisis, la medida ideal es el hierro endovenoso, preferiblemente en preparaciones que permitan esquemas de altas dosis y bajas frecuencias de administración. Las metas propuestas por las distintas guías presentan variaciones entre 500 y 700 mcg/l de ferritina. Conclusiones: el déficit de hierro debe buscarse activamente en pacientes con ERC, ya que su presencia y la falta de intervención conlleva a un incremento en los desenlaces adversos. La terapia con hierro es el pilar del tratamiento y la elección del agente a utilizar dependerá de las características individuales del paciente y de la disponibilidad de las preparaciones de hierro oral o endovenoso.


Background: Iron deficiency is a disorder frequently observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in advanced stages. Its presence is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency can be absolute or functional. Absolute deficiency refers to absent or reduced iron stores, while functional deficiency is defined by the presence of adequate iron stores but insufficient iron availability for incorporation into erythroid precursors. Several risk factors contribute to absolute and functional iron deficiency in CKD, including blood fi, impaired iron absorption, and chronic inflammation. Purpose: With this narrative review, it is intended to present the details, pathophysiological aspects, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options in patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease with iron deficiency. Methodology: A non-systematic review of the fi ron ra was carried out, in the PubMed database, also including the most used international guidelines that address the issue fi ron deficiency in chronic kidney disease. Results: A total of 30 bibliographical references were included. Iron deficiency can be absolute or relative. The absolute iron deficiency occurs with ferritin values 100 mcg/l but with a TSAT <20 % Treatment of absolute deficiency consists of oral or intravenous iron replacement. In a patient who is not yet receiving dialysis, a therapeutic trial with oral iron can be done, if there is no response, intravenous iron will be chosen. In patients receiving dialysis, the ideal measure is intravenous iron, preferably in preparations that allow high-dose schemes and low frequencies of administration. The goals proposed by the different guidelines present variations between 500 and 700 mcg/l d ferritin. Conclusions: iron deficiency should be actively sought in patients with CKD, since its presence and lack of intervention leads to an increase in adverse outcomes. Iron therapy is the mainstay of treatment; the choice of the agent to be used depends on the individual characteristics of the patient and the availability of oral or intravenous iron preparations.

2.
Int J Mol Sci ; 19(9)2018 Aug 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30134550

RESUMO

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal types of tumours, and its incidence is rising worldwide. Although survival can be improved by surgical resection when these tumours are detected at an early stage, this cancer is usually asymptomatic, and disease only becomes apparent after metastasis. Several risk factors are associated with this disease, the most relevant being chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, tobacco and alcohol intake, cadmium, arsenic and lead exposure, certain infectious diseases, and the mutational status of some genes associated to a familial component. PDAC incidence has increased in recent decades, and there are few alternatives for chemotherapeutic treatment. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress factors such as GRP78/BiP (78 kDa glucose-regulated protein), ATF6α (activating transcription factor 6 isoform α), IRE1α (inositol-requiring enzyme 1 isoform α), and PERK (protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) activate the transcription of several genes involved in both survival and apoptosis. Some of these factors aid in inducing a non-proliferative state in cancer called dormancy. Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress could induce dormancy of tumour cells, thus prolonging patient survival. In this systematic review, we have compiled relevant results concerning those endoplasmic reticulum stress factors involved in PDAC, and we have analysed the mechanism of dormancy associated to endoplasmic reticulum stress and its potential use as a chemotherapeutic target against PDAC.


Assuntos
Anticorpos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/terapia , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/terapia , Sulfonas/farmacologia , Fator 6 Ativador da Transcrição/genética , Fator 6 Ativador da Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/etiologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Doenças Transmissíveis/complicações , Doenças Transmissíveis/genética , Doenças Transmissíveis/metabolismo , Doenças Transmissíveis/patologia , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/farmacologia , Complicações do Diabetes/genética , Complicações do Diabetes/metabolismo , Complicações do Diabetes/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Endorribonucleases/genética , Endorribonucleases/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/etiologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Pancreatite Crônica/complicações , Pancreatite Crônica/genética , Pancreatite Crônica/metabolismo , Pancreatite Crônica/patologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , eIF-2 Quinase/genética , eIF-2 Quinase/metabolismo , Gencitabina
3.
J Clin Med ; 6(3)2017 Mar 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28282928

RESUMO

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal types of tumors, and its incidence is rising worldwide. Survival can be improved when tumors are detected at an early stage; however, this cancer is usually asymptomatic, and the disease only becomes apparent after metastasis. Several risk factors are associated to this disease. Chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, and some infectious disease are the most relevant risk factors. Incidence of PDAC has increased in the last decades. It is hypothesized it could be due to other acquired risk habits, like smoking, high alcohol intake, and obesity. Indeed, adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ that secretes different pro-inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and other factors that activate oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species caused by oxidative stress, damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, and produce several toxic and high mutagenic metabolites that could modify tumor behavior, turning it into a malignant phenotype. Anti-oxidant compounds, like vitamins, are considered protective factors against cancer. Here, we review the literature on oxidative stress, the molecular pathways that activate or counteract oxidative stress, and potential treatment strategies that target reactive oxygen species suitable for this kind of cancer.

4.
Horiz. méd. (Impresa) ; 17(1): 66-71, ene.-mar. 2017. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-989898

RESUMO

La leucemia linfoblástica aguda es una neoplasia predominante en pediatría, corresponde al 11% de las leucemias. En Colombia hay una incidencia anual en adultos de 1 por cada 100.000 habitantes. La recaída testicular es rara alcanzando solo del 0.9 a 8.8% de todos los casos y representa un signo de recurrencia que puede ser confundida con otros padecimientos testiculares. Se reporta el caso de un paciente masculino de 23 años de edad, con cuadro de 2 meses de evolución consistente en dolor y aumento de tamaño testicular, posterior a trauma, con antecedente de leucemia linfoblástica aguda tratada hace 4 años. Se realiza ecografía testicular que sugiere hidrocele a tensión. Es llevado a cirugía, donde se aprecia testículo con características neoplásicas por lo cual se realiza orquiectomía. Resultado de anatomía patológica concluye masa 12 cm correspondiente a infiltración por leucemia aguda, CD10 y CD34 positivo y Tdt negativo. El testículo es considerado santuario de células leucémicas, sin embargo excepcionalmente puede observarse formación de una masa simulando un tumor testicular


Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a common pediatric neoplasia, comprising 11% of all leukemias. In Colombia, the annual incidence in adults is 1 out of 100,000 people. Testicular relapse is rare (accounting for only 0.9-8.8% of all cases) and represents a sign of recurrence which can be confused with other testicular conditions. We report the case of a 23-year- old male with testicular pain and swelling for 2 months after a trauma, and a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated 4 years before. A testicular ultrasound suggested tension hydrocele. The patient was taken to surgery where a testis with neoplastic features was observed. Therefore, an orchiectomy was performed. The pathological anatomy revealed a 12-cm mass consisting of infiltration by leukemic cells, showing a positive expression for CD19, CD10, and a negative expression for TdT. The testes are considered a sanctuary site for leukemic cells. However, the formation of a mass that mimic a testicular tumor may exceptionally be observed

5.
Horiz. méd. (Impresa) ; 16(2): 63-67, abr.-jun. 2016. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: biblio-834608

RESUMO

El feto en el feto es una condición poco frecuente, con menos de 200 casos notificados hasta la fecha. Se localiza principalmente en el peritoneo retro; Pero puede ocurrir en otros niveles. El tratamiento es siempre quirúrgico y la detección temprana y la extracción permiten la mejoría clínica y el desarrollo exitoso del niño afectado. Presentamos el caso de un bebé de 18 meses que es llevado por su madre a la cita médica debido al bajo peso para esa edad. En el examen físico, el médico encontró masa en el hipocondrio izquierdo y el epigastrio y se solicitó una ecografía abdominal total. El ultrasonido reporta hallazgos relacionados con la hidronefrosis derecha y la urografía excretora y una TC con contraste revela el parásito fetal localizado en el peritoneo retro. El niño es llevado a cirugía para lisis de adherencias peritoneales, resección de tumor retroperitoneal y ureterólisis nefropexia. Después de esto, el bebé presentó buena evolución. La detección temprana de estos casos es necesaria para permitir un buen desarrollo del niño; Pero esto parte de una buena atención médica, que permite su identificación y tratamiento.


Fetus in fetu is a rare condition, which has fewer than 200 cases reported to date. It is mainly located in the retro peritoneum; but it can occur at other levels. Treatment is always surgical and early detection and extraction allows clinical improvement and the successful development of the affected child. We report the case of an 18 month infant who is carried by her mother to medical appointment due to low weight for that age. In the physical exam, doctor found mass in the left hypochondrium and epigastrium and a total abdominal ultrasound is requested. Ultrasound reports findings relating to right hydronephrosis, and excretory urography and a CT with contrast reveals fetus parasite located in retro peritoneum. The infant is taken to surgery for lysis of peritoneal adhesions, resection of retroperitoneal tumor, and ureterolysis nephropexy. After this, the infant presented good evolution. Early detection of these cases is necessary to allow a good development of the child; but this begins from a good medical care, that allows its identification and treatment.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Lactente , Anormalidades Congênitas , Cavidade Abdominal , Laparotomia
6.
Rev. chil. neurocir ; 41(1): 14-20, jul. 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-836039

RESUMO

El absceso cerebral se constituye como un área central supurativa dentro del parénquima cerebral, dentro de una envoltura ampliamente vascularizada. Los patógenos ampliamente aislados en la patogénesis de esta entidad en niños son los Streptococos spp. A pesar del avance en la terapia antimicrobiana, las técnicas neuroquirúrgicas e imagenológicas, que permiten su diagnóstico y ubicación oportuna, el absceso cerebral aún se considera un problema de salud pública, con una importante incidencia, morbilidad y mortalidad en países en vía de desarrollo. Para el manejo de este tipo de infección del SNC, se requerirá de un abordaje multidisciplinario que involucre terapia médico quirúrgica. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer un abordaje amplio sobre la patobiología del absceso cerebral relacionada con la labor concerniente al neurocirujano.


Brain abscess is formed as a central suppurativa area within the brain parenchyma, within an envelope extensively vascularized. Microorganisms largely isolated in the pathogenesis of this condition in children are Streptococos spp. Despite the progress in antimicrobial therapy, neurosurgical techniques and imagenologic support, which enabling timely diagnosis and location, brain abscess is still considered a public health problem and has an important incidence, morbidity and mortality in developing countries. To handle this type of CNS infection, will require a multidisciplinary approach involving surgical medical therapy. The aim of this review is to make a comprehensive approach on the pathobiology of brain abscess related to the work concerning the neurosurgeon.


Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Abscesso Encefálico/complicações , Abscesso Encefálico/diagnóstico , Abscesso Encefálico/epidemiologia , Abscesso Encefálico/etiologia , Abscesso Encefálico , Abscesso Encefálico/terapia , Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Sistema Nervoso/microbiologia , Diagnóstico por Imagem
7.
Rev. chil. neurocir ; 41(1): 21-27, jul. 2015. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-836040

RESUMO

El trauma craneoencefálico es una de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo, y gran parte de estos se asocian a heridas por arma de fuego en cráneo. Conocer el manejo, las características y fisiopatología de la lesión nos permitirá saber abordar estos casos cuando se presenten a los diferentes centros asistenciales, al tiempo que nos permitirá tener en cuenta las posibles complicaciones, para evitar su aparición y así buscar mejorar la morbilidad por esta causa. Siempre acompañado de un manejo integral que permita abarcar todas las dimensiones afectadas.


Traumatic brain injury is a of the leading causes of death in the world, and many of these are associated with gunshot wounds in the skull. To know management the characteristics and pathophysiology of the lesion will tell as deal with these cases when presented to medical centers, while enabling us to take into account of possible complications, to prevent its occurrence and so try to improve morbidity from this cause. Always accompanied by an integrated management that can encompass all affected dimensions.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/cirurgia , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/complicações , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/fisiopatologia , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/mortalidade , Traumatismos Cranianos Penetrantes/classificação , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo , Craniotomia , Diagnóstico por Imagem , Fístula , Pressão Intracraniana
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